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2018
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Muhammad sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allah exalt his mention ) preached to the people to trust in Allah. His whole life was a sublime example of the precept. In the loneliness of Makkah, in the midst of persecution and danger, in adversity and tribulations, and in the thick of enemies in the battles of Uhud and Hunayn, complete faith and trust in Allah appears as the dominant feature in his life. However great the danger that confronted him, he sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allah exalt his mention ) never lost hope and never allowed himself to be unduly agitated. Abu Talib knew the feelings of the Quraysh when the Prophet sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allah exalt his mention ) started his mission. He also knew the lengths to which the Quraysh could go, and requested the Prophet sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allah exalt his mention ) to abandon his mission, but the latter calmly replied: "Dear uncle, do not go by my loneliness. Truth will not go unsupported for long. The whole of Arabia and beyond will one day espouse its cause." [Ibn Hisham]
When the attitude of the Quraysh became more threatening, Abu Talib again begged his nephew to renounce his mission but the Prophet's reply was: "O my uncle, if they placed the sun in my right hand and the moon in my left, to force me to renounce my work, verily I would not desist thereform until Allah made manifest His cause, or I perished in the attempt." (Ibid)
To another well-wisher, he sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allah exalt his mention ) said: "Allah will not leave me forlorn."
A dejected and oppressed companion was comforted with the words:
"By Allah, the day is near when this faith will reach its pinnacle and none will have to fear anyone except Allah." [Al-Bukhari]
It was the same trust in Allah which emboldened the prophet sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allah exalt his mention ) to say his prayers openly in the Haram (sacred Mosque of Makkah) in the teeth of opposition. The Quraysh were once collected there and were conspiring to put an end to his life when he next entered the Haram. His young daughter Fatimah may Allah be pleased with her who happened to overhear their talk rushed weeping to her father and told him of the designs of the Quraysh. He sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allah exalt his mention ) consoled her, did his ablutions and went to the Ka'bah to say prayers. There was only consternation among the Quraysh when they saw him sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allah exalt his mention ) [Ahmad].
Then leaving his house for Madeenah he sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allah exalt his mention ) asked Ali may Allah be pleased with him to sleep on his bed and told him: "Do not worry, no one will be able to do you any harm" [At-Tabari, Ibn Hisham]
Even though the enemies had surrounded the house, he sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allah exalt his mention ) left the house reciting the Quranic verse (which means): "We have set a barricade before them and a barricade behind them and (thus) have covered them so that they see not" [Quran, 36: 9]
Abu Bakr may Allah be pleased with him was frightened when pursuers came close to the cavern in which he and Prophet Muhammad sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allah exalt his mention ) hiding during their flight, but the Prophet sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allah exalt his mention )heartened him: "Grieve not. Allah is with us."
A guard was kept at the Prophet's house in Madeenah because of the danger that surrounded him but he had it withdrawn when the Quranic verse was revealed (which means): "Allah will protect you from the people". [Quran, 5: 67]
A man was caught waiting in ambush to assault the Prophet sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allah exalt his mention ) but he was directed to be released with the words: "Even if this man wanted to kill me, he could not." [Ahmad]
A Jewish woman from Khaybar had put poison in the Prophet's food. He sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allah exalt his mention ) spat it out after taking a morsel but a companion who had his fill died the next day. The Jewess was brought before the prophet sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allah exalt his mention ) who questioned her: "Why did you do this?" "To kill you," was her defiant reply. She was told, "Allah would not have allowed you to do it." [Muslim]
In the battle of Uhud when the rear guard action of the Makkan army had disorganized the Muslim army and had turned the tables, the Prophet sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allah exalt his mention ) stood as firm as a rock even though he sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allah exalt his mention ) had suffered personal injuries. When Abu Sufiyan taunted the Muslims and shouted "Victory to Hubal!" (Hubal was one of their idols), the Prophet sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allah exalt his mention ) asked Umar may Allah be pleased with him to shout back: "Allah is our protector and friend. You have no protector and friend. Allah is Great, Magnificent." [Ibn Hisham]
Again in the battle of Hunayn, when the unexpected assault of the army had swept the Muslim force off its feet and a defeat seemed imminent, the Prophet sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allah exalt his mention )did not yield ground. With trust in Allah he showed such courage that the Muslim army rallied behind him to win a signal victory.
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Muhammad Al-Fatih For eight centuries, the conquest of Constantinople, now Istanbul Turkey was a dream for the Muslim commanders. Ever since the era of the revered companion, Mu`aawiyah Ibn Abu Sufyaan, there had been many attempts to conquer it, but none had succeeded.
Every Muslim commander wanted to be the conqueror praised in the narration in which the Prophet sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allah exalt his mention ) said: "You will conquer Constantinople. Its commander is the best and its army (that will conquer it) is the best."
Who was then the person about whom the Prophet sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allah exalt his mention ) gave glad tidings? It was Muhammad Al-Fatihmay Allah have mercy upon him son of the Ottoman Sultan Murad II.
Muhammad Al-Fatihmay Allah have mercy upon him as a child and his excellent preparation:
Muhammad Al-Fatih was born on 27th  Rajab, 835 A.H.,  30th  March, 1432. He was brought up under the supervision of his father, Sultan Murad II, the seventh Ottoman Sultan. His father prepared and trained him to shoulder the responsibilities of the position of a Sultan. Muhammad Al-Fatih memorized all the Quran, learnt the Prophetic narrations, Islamic jurisprudence, mathematics, astronomy and the skills required for war.
He also learnt Arabic, Persian, Latin and Greek languages. He joined his father in his battles and conquests.
His father appointed him as a ruler of a small emirate so that he could receive practical training on administering state affairs under the supervision of some of the top scholars of that time. This matter influenced the character of the young prince and tinted his personality with Islamic morals and manners.
Shaykh Aaq Shamsd-Deen, one of the scholars who supervised the upbringing and education of Muhammad Al-Fatih, managed to inculcate in his heart the spirit of Jihad and the desire to be a person with high ambition.
The Shaykh also told Muhammad Al-Fatih, may Allah have mercy on him, that he may be the one referred to in the Prophetic narration mentioned above. All this shaped the character of Muhammad Al-Fatih. He was devoted to Jihad, highly ambitious, widely cultured, and had deep knowledge of the skills of war and combat.
Taking power and his efforts to achieve the glad tiding:
After the death of his father, Sultan Murad II on 5th Muharram, 852 A.H., 7th February, 1451 A.C., Muhammad Al-Fatihmay Allah have mercy upon him took over and became the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. He was a strong young man, only twenty years old, very enthusiastic and ambitious. He was thinking of the conquest of Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire. This dream overwhelmed him to the extent that he would not talk about any subject except for the conquest of Constantinople. He would not even allow anyone who was sitting with him to talk, except about the expected conquest.
The first step in achieving his dream was to take control of the Strait of Bosporus so that he could prevent any support or supplies that might come to Constantinople from Europe. So he built a huge castle on the European seashore of the Strait of Bosporus. Along with top senior officials, he personally participated in building the castle. It took three months to build this castle that came to be known as the Roman Castle. On the other bank of the Strait ofBosporus there was the Castle of Anatolia. It then became impossible for any ship to cross unless it obtained permission from the Ottoman forces.
At that time, a talented engineer managed to make a number of cannons for the Sultan, Muhammad Al-Fatihmay Allah have mercy upon him. One of these cannons, never known before that time, was 700 tons and its projectile weighed 1,500 kilograms.
The sound of its shell could be heard from a long distance away. It was pulled by one hundred oxen aided by one hundred strong men. This giant cannon was called the Sultanic Cannon.
The conquest of Constantinople and the realization of the glad tidings:
After completing his preparations, Sultan Muhammad Al-Fatihmay Allah have mercy upon him marched to Constantinople with an army of two hundred and sixty-five thousand fighters. This army had infantry forces as well as horsemen. Huge cannons supported this army. The army besieged Constantinople and the Ottoman cannons started to fire their missiles at the fortified walls of the city day and night. From time to time, the Sultan surprised the enemy with a new war plan until the city defenders lost control and their forces gave up.
At dawn of Tuesday, 20th Jumada Al-Awwal, 827 A.H.,  29th May, 1453 A.C., the Ottoman forces managed to penetrate the walls and drive away the defenders who fled. The people of Constantinople were taken by surprise when they saw the Ottoman flags waving on their walls and the soldiers flooding into the city.
After the Ottoman forces conquered the city, Sultan Muhammadmay Allah have mercy upon him arrived on his horse in a great procession that included his ministers and army commanders. Ever since that time, the Sultan was known as Muhammad Al-Fatih (the Conqueror). The soldiers were shouting:
Mash-Allah! Mash-Allah! Long live our Sultan! Long live our Sultan!
The Sultan's procession marched until it reached Hagia Sophia church where the people of the city had gathered. When they knew that the Sultan had arrived, they bowed and prostrated and they were all weeping and crying because they did not know their fate; what Sultan Muhammad Al-Fatihmay Allah have mercy upon him would do to them.
When the Sultan arrived, he dismounted from his horse and prayed two Rak`ahs thanking Allah Who had blessed him with this conquest. Then the Sultan addressed the people of the city who were still bowing and prostrating in tears:
Stand up! I am Sultan Muhammad and I would like to tell you, your brothers, and all the people present that your lives and freedoms are protected.
The Sultan ordered that the church be turned into a mosque and for the first time, the call for prayer was heard from this place. Until now, this mosque is still known as the Mosque of Hagia Sophia. He also decided to take Constantinople as a capital of his country. It was called Islambul, meaning the House of Islam. Later on the word was viciously twisted to become Istanbul.
The Sultan was very tolerant and merciful with the people of the city, and acted according to the teachings of Islam. He commanded his soldiers to treat their prisoners of war in a good manner. The Sultan himself paid the ransoms for a large number of prisoners of war from his own money. He also allowed those who left the city when it was under siege to return home.
The aftermath of the conquest of Constantinople:
Muhammad Al-Fatih, may Allah have mercy on him, attained this victory when he was twenty three years old. This indicated his early military genius. He also deserved the glad tidings of the Prophet sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allah exalt his mention ) who foretold that a good person would conquer that city.
Later on, Muhammad Al-Fatihmay Allah have mercy upon him headed to complete his conquests in the Balkan. He managed to conquer Serbia Greece Romania Albania and Bosnia Herzegovina. He also looked forward to conquering Rome so that he would have another source of pride in addition to the conquest of Constantinople.
In order to achieve this great hope, he needed to conquer Italy. He prepared a tremendous fleet for this mission. He managed to land his forces and a large number of cannons near the Italian city Otarant. Consequently he managed to capture its castle in Jumada Al-Awwal 885 A.H., July 1480 A.C.
Muhammad Al-Fatih, may Allah have mercy on him, decided to take Otarant as a base for his northern military operations until he could reach Rome. The European world was terrified because of this attempt and they expected the fall of the historical city, Rome into the hands of Muhammad Al-Fatih, may Allah have mercy on him. However, he died suddenly (on  4th  Rabee' Al-Awwal, 886 A.H.,  3rd  May, 1481 A.C.) while he was preparing to realize this dream. AllEurope was very happy when they knew about his death. The Pope of Rome ordered that thankfulness prayer be held in churches as a means of expressing joy and happiness over the news.
Muhammad Al-Fatih may Allah have mercy upon him as a statesman and a sponsor of civilization
During the reign of Muhammad Al-Fatih and because of his wise leadership and well-planned policy, the OttomanState reached boundaries that it had never done before.
All these conquests were not the only achievements of Muhammad Al-Fatihmay Allah have mercy upon him. Through the help of some of his loyal men, he managed to establish a constitution based on the Book of Allah and the Sunnah of His Prophet sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allah exalt his mention ) and the Ottoman state adhered to this constitution for about four centuries.
Although he was very busy, he managed to establish more than 300 mosques, 192 of which were in Istanbul alone. He also built 57 schools. Among his most famous architectural monuments are the Mosque of Sultan Muhammad, the Mosque of Abu Ayyoob Al-Ansari, and SaraiTub-QabuPalace.
Muhammad Al-Fatihmay Allah have mercy upon him was known for his love for literature. He was a good poet and a regular reader. He liked the company of scholars and poets and made some of them ministers. Whenever he heard about a great scholar in any field, he would help and support him or ask him to come to Istanbul in order to benefit of his knowledge.
The character of Muhammad Al-Fatihmay Allah have mercy upon him:
Muhammad Al-Fatihmay Allah have mercy upon him was a committed Muslim who abode by the rulings of Islamic jurisprudence. Because of the way he was brought up, he was a pious man. As for his military conduct, it was very civilized and it was unfamiliar to Europe in its Medieval Ages.
Owing to his ambition fostered by his teachers who always encouraged him to be the conqueror of Constantinople he managed to make the greatest of his achievements by conquering this city.
Muhammad Al-Fatihmay Allah have mercy upon him managed to realize his dreams through hard, continuous work, and well-organized planning. For example, before besiegingConstantinople he prepared for the war by making cannons, preparing his fleet, and making use of all the factors that might render him victorious.
Through high ambition, determination, and the effort to achieve his goals, he managed to materialize his dream, make his hope an existing reality which made him one of the great Muslim heroes and conquerors.
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It is narrated in the books of Imams Al-Bukhari and Muslim  may Allah have mercy upon them that Anas Ibn Malik  may Allah be pleased with himsaid:
"Some people of (the tribes of) 'Ukl and 'Uraynah came to Al-Madeenah and its climate did not suit them. So the Prophet  sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allah exalt his mention ) ordered them to go to the herd of camels reserved for charity, and to drink their milk and urine (as a medicine). So they went as directed. After they became healthy, they killed the shepherds of the Prophet's camels and drove away all the camels, thus becoming aggressors against Allah All-Mighty and His Messenger  sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allah exalt his mention ). The Prophet, sallallaahu alayhi wa sallm, sent (men) in their pursuit and they were captured. The Prophet  sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allah exalt his mention ) then ordered that their hands and feet to be cut off (and it was done), and their eyes were branded with heated pieces of iron. They were then kept in the sun until they died."
These people were complaining from dropsy, as per the narration from Imam Muslim  may Allah have mercy upon him who narrated the same narration above with the following addition: “…The Bedouins said: We have not found Al-Madeenah suitable for us and our stomachs swelled, our organs became weak..." until the end of the narration.
Dropsy is a physical disease that occurs when a harmful cold substance penetrates the external organs of the body and also the body organs other than those that are used in digestion, causing them to swell. There are three types of dropsy: in body tissue (fleshy), which is the most serious of the three, in a body cavity (ascites), and in an organ (drum). The remedy required for this disease includes mild laxatives and diuretic medicines that help rid the body of fluids. These diuretic qualities exist in the milk and urine of camels and that is why the Prophet  sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allah exalt his mention ) ordered them to drink them. Camel milk is a mild laxative, diuretic, cleanses and opens that which is closed and removes the obstructions and soothes the body. This is especially the case when the camels graze on beneficial herbs, such as wormwood, lavender, chamomile, daisy and lemongrass. These herbs help against dropsy.
Dropsy is usually symptomatic of an ailment in the liver, especially due to congestion in the liver. The milk of the Arabian camels helps in this
case, because of its many benefits as mentioned and which help open the clogged passages and the obstructions. Ar-Razi  may Allah have mercy upon him said: "The she-camel's milk soothes the liver and the effects of a spoiled constitution." Al-Israeeli  may Allah have mercy upon him also said: "The she-camel's milk is the softest, least concentrated and lightest milk. It is the best choice for moving the bowels, as a laxative and for opening the clogged passages and obstructions. What makes this evident is the fact that this type of milk is mildly salty, as a result of the animal's instinctively hot nature. Therefore, the she-camel's milk is the best remedy for the liver as it soothes it, opens its pores and veins and softens the hardness of fresh food. Fresh, warm camel's milk is beneficial against dropsy, especially when taken with fresh, warm camel urine, thus making the combination more salty and adding strength to its effectiveness in dissolving harmful fluids and as a laxative. If the [combination of milk and urine] did not purge the stomach, then one should take a stronger laxative.” The author of Al-Qanoon also commented: "Do not listen to those who claim that milk does not provide cure from dropsy. Rather, know that camel's milk is an effective cure, because it cleanses gently and easily, due to its other qualities. This type of milk is so beneficial that if a person substituted water and food with camel's milk, he would be cured [from dropsy and other ailments]. Some people tried this remedy and were soon cured. We should state that the best camel urine is that of the camels of Bedouin people."
The story that was mentioned in the narration above has several areas of interest:
  • It encourages the use of medicines and cures.
  • It indicates the purity of the milk of the animals that Muslims are allowed to eat.
  • Using what Allah has prohibited in medicine is disallowed.
  • The people mentioned in the narration were not commanded to rinse their mouths or their clothes for the prayer, although they were new Muslims.
  • The Prophet  sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allah exalt his mention ) cannot delay the necessary details of a religious command when such elaboration is necessary.
  • It emphasizes the fact that the aggressor is punished by the same method he transgressed. The people mentioned in the narration killed the shepherd and branded his eyes, as in another report of this narration by Imam Muslim  may Allah have mercy upon him.
  • It mentioned that the entire group was killed for killing one person.
  • It indicates that whereas the aggressor deserves to be punished for multiple crimes, one punishable according to the law of equality and the other for an act of aggression, then both laws are applied. The Prophet  sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allah exalt his mention ) ordered that the hands and feet of the aggressors be cut off, as a punishment from Allah for their audacious raid and aggression. They were also killed because they had killed the shepherd.

  • It indicates that when armed aggressors steal money and also commit murder, their hands and feet are cut off, and they are then executed.

  • It indicates that the punishment for multiple crimes is multiplied, because the people who were mentioned in the story reverted from Islam, killed a human being, disfigured the dead shepherd, stole other people's property and announced their armed aggression. Also, the entire armed band mentioned in the story were executed, not only those who actually committed the murder, as the Prophet  sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allah exalt his mention ) did not consider this fact, nor did he ask about who actually committed the murder.
Assassination warrants capital punishment and cannot be pardoned [by the relatives of the deceased] or compensated, according to the scholars of Al-Madeenah, Imam Ahmad and Ibn Taymiyyah  may Allah have mercy upon them.

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